How the Factual Basis of Your NJ Plea Deal Can Make or Break Your Immigration Case
When criminal charges get downgraded to local ordinances in New Jersey municipal courts, most people think the problem is solved. But immigration doesn’t always see it that way. Here’s what every noncitizen — and every defense attorney — needs to know.
Introduction: The Plea Deal Trap No One Warns You About
Every week in municipal courts across New Jersey — from Jersey City to Newark, Paterson to New Brunswick, Elizabeth to Hackensack — noncitizen defendants accept plea deals that downgrade criminal charges to local ordinances. The defense attorney shakes their hand. The prosecutor moves to the next case. The judge imposes a fine. And the defendant walks out believing the matter is behind them.
But here’s what no one told them: the factual basis of that plea deal — the specific words spoken during the plea colloquy, the language in the plea agreement, the facts recited in the charging document — may follow them into every immigration proceeding for the rest of their lives.
At New Jersey Anger Management Group, we’ve worked with over 2,500 clients since 2012, many of whom are court-mandated noncitizens navigating the intersection of criminal justice and immigration law. At Chris Fritz Law, we’ve seen firsthand how a poorly crafted plea can derail an otherwise strong immigration case years — even decades — after the criminal matter is resolved.
This article breaks down the legal framework that governs how immigration authorities evaluate plea deals involving charge downgrades, explains the critical distinction between conviction-based and conduct-based removal grounds, and provides practical guidance for defendants, defense attorneys, and immigration lawyers working in New Jersey.
The Myth: “It’s Just a Local Ordinance — Immigration Won’t Care”
This is one of the most dangerous misconceptions in New Jersey criminal defense. When a disorderly persons offense (the NJ equivalent of a misdemeanor) is downgraded to a municipal ordinance violation through a plea bargain, many defendants and even some attorneys assume the immigration issue disappears.
It doesn’t.
When a criminal offense like shoplifting, disorderly conduct, simple assault, or harassment is downgraded to a local borough ordinance, the underlying original arrest and the borough ordinance will appear on the defendant’s criminal history. The original charge shows up on NJ Municipal Court Case Search, FBI background checks, and state police records. The downgrade changes the disposition — it does not erase the history.
Common NJ charges that get downgraded to local ordinances include simple assault (N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1), harassment (N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4), shoplifting (N.J.S.A. 2C:20-11), disorderly conduct (N.J.S.A. 2C:33-2), criminal mischief (N.J.S.A. 2C:17-3), resisting arrest (N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2), obstruction (N.J.S.A. 2C:29-1), and lewdness (N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4). Each of these carries specific immigration implications that must be analyzed through the categorical approach before any plea is entered.
How Immigration Defines a “Conviction” — And Why It Matters More Than NJ State Law
The Immigration and Nationality Act provides its own definition of “conviction” that is deliberately broader than what most states — including New Jersey — use. Under INA § 101(a)(48)(A), a conviction for immigration purposes exists when two conditions are met: first, a judge or jury has found the person guilty, or the person has entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, or has admitted sufficient facts to warrant a finding of guilt; and second, the judge has ordered some form of punishment, penalty, or restraint on the person’s liberty.
A guilty plea plus any penalty — a fine, community service, probation, even mandatory classes — creates a “conviction” for immigration purposes, even if New Jersey state law says it’s not a criminal conviction. The BIA has consistently held that a guilty plea or finding of guilt, combined with any imposition by the judge of probation, fine, jail, or even a requirement to attend classes, will create a conviction for immigration purposes.
A 2020 USCIS Administrative Appeals Office decision involving a New Jersey shoplifting case illustrates this perfectly. The applicant had pled guilty to shoplifting under N.J.S.A. 2C:20-11(b)(1) on two occasions, with one charge later amended to a local ordinance violation of disturbing the peace. The applicant argued that the municipal ordinance conviction was outside the scope of NJ’s criminal law structure. USCIS disagreed, finding that the applicant had gone through disorderly persons criminal procedures before pleading to the ordinance — and that this constituted a conviction for immigration purposes because she pled guilty and received a penalty.
The Categorical Approach: The Framework Immigration Uses to Evaluate Your Conviction
Understanding the categorical approach is essential for anyone involved in plea negotiations for a noncitizen in NJ. This is the legal framework the Supreme Court has established for determining whether a state criminal conviction triggers federal immigration consequences.
Step 1: The Categorical Match
In the first step, immigration compares the elements of the state statute of conviction to the generic federal definition of the removal ground. The critical point is that the court does not look at what the defendant actually did — only whether the statute of conviction, by its elements, necessarily matches the federal ground. The court identifies the minimum possible conduct that could ever sustain a conviction under the state statute, and asks whether even that minimum conduct would satisfy the federal definition.
For example, if a defendant is convicted under a NJ assault statute that includes both forceful conduct and mere threatening words, and the federal removal ground requires actual “use of physical force,” the statute is broader than the federal definition — meaning it does not categorically match, and the conviction alone does not trigger removal.
Step 2: Divisibility
If there is no categorical match, the analysis moves to whether the state statute is “divisible.” A statute is divisible when it lists alternative elements in the disjunctive (using “or”) that correspond to separate offenses — not merely different ways of committing the same offense. The Supreme Court’s decision in Mathis v. United States (2016) strictly defined this test: the alternative statutory phrases must set out different “elements” of different offenses, not just different means of committing one offense.
Step 3: The Modified Categorical Approach
If and only if a statute is divisible, immigration proceeds to the modified categorical approach — and this is where your factual basis becomes the ballgame.
The Modified Categorical Approach: Why Your Factual Basis Is the Most Important Document in Your Immigration Case
When an immigration judge reviews the record of conviction under the modified categorical approach, the information that sets forth the factual basis for the conviction is, without doubt, the most important document. In most cases, it will be the factual basis contained in the plea colloquy or plea agreement that determines whether the conviction triggers removal.
Under the modified categorical approach, the immigration judge may review only a limited set of documents — known as “Shepard documents” after the Supreme Court’s decision in Shepard v. United States (2005). These documents include the statutory definition of the offense, the charging document (complaint or indictment), the written plea agreement, the transcript of the plea colloquy between the judge and defendant in which the factual basis for the plea was confirmed, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant assented.
What Immigration CANNOT Review
This limitation is critically important — and it’s where smart defense lawyering can make an enormous difference. Immigration courts generally cannot look beyond the record of conviction to the particular facts underlying the conviction. Specifically, stand-alone police reports, RAP sheets without evidence of the factual basis of the conviction, victim statements, and other documents not incorporated into the plea are excluded from the modified categorical approach.
If the record of conviction is silent as to the factual basis of the plea, it is plausible that the defendant’s admission of guilt was to conduct that would not constitute a deportable offense. Silence in the record benefits the defendant. This is the foundation of the “record tailoring” strategy discussed below.
Conviction-Based vs. Conduct-Based Immigration Grounds: The Distinction That Changes Everything
This distinction is the single most important factor in determining whether a plea downgrade to a local ordinance will actually protect a noncitizen from immigration consequences.
Conviction-Based Grounds
Most removal grounds are conviction-based. This means the immigration adjudicator compares the essential elements of the statute of conviction with the federal removal ground using the categorical approach, and the facts underlying the conviction are irrelevant. Examples include crimes involving moral turpitude (CIMTs), aggravated felonies, controlled substance offenses, firearms offenses, and most other criminal grounds of deportability and inadmissibility.
For conviction-based grounds, a well-crafted plea downgrade to a local ordinance that does not categorically match a removal ground can be extremely effective. If the ordinance statute lacks the elements that define the federal ground, the conviction will not trigger removal — regardless of what the defendant actually did.
Conduct-Based Grounds
Conduct-based grounds are different — and far more dangerous for noncitizens who rely on plea downgrades. For conduct-based grounds, the immigration adjudicator is not limited to the statute of conviction. Instead, the adjudicator may examine any relevant evidence in the record to determine whether the person’s actual conduct triggers the removal ground.
Domestic violence under INA § 237(a)(2)(E) is a conduct-based ground. The statute uses the word “convicted” but does not limit the analysis to the elements of the conviction. A plea downgrade to a local ordinance will generally not be effective here, no matter how benign the substituted charge is, because the record will contain a factual basis for the DV charge and that may be sufficient to trigger the ground. This is critically important for the many NJ anger management clients whose cases involve domestic incidents.
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Real-Life Case Studies: When Plea Downgrades Work — and When They Don’t
The following case studies are drawn from published court decisions, USCIS administrative decisions, and composite scenarios based on common NJ municipal court situations. They illustrate how the factual basis of a plea deal directly impacts immigration outcomes. All names have been changed to protect privacy.
What happened: Maria, a Peruvian national with Temporary Protected Status, was charged with shoplifting on two separate occasions. The second charge was amended to a local ordinance violation of “disturbing the peace.” Maria argued that a municipal ordinance was outside the scope of NJ’s criminal law structure and therefore not a “conviction” under the INA.
Immigration outcome: USCIS rejected this argument. Because Maria had gone through disorderly persons criminal procedures — including the constitutional safeguards of appointed counsel, proof beyond a reasonable doubt, and the right to appeal — before pleading to the municipal ordinance, the proceedings constituted a genuine criminal proceeding. The guilty plea plus the fine imposed created a “conviction” under INA § 101(a)(48)(A). Her TPS application was denied based on two misdemeanor convictions, and she was found inadmissible for a crime involving moral turpitude.
Lesson: The downgrade to a local ordinance did not change the fundamental nature of the proceeding. The factual basis — shoplifting — remained a CIMT regardless of what the final charge was called.
What happened: Carlos, a lawful permanent resident from Ecuador, was charged with simple assault after a bar fight in Union City. His immigration-aware defense attorney negotiated a downgrade to a local ordinance for “creating a disturbance.” Critically, the attorney ensured that the plea colloquy contained only generic language tracking the ordinance statute — no reference to physical contact, force, or injury. The plea agreement stated only that Carlos “did create a disturbance in a public place.”
Immigration outcome: When Carlos later applied for naturalization, the USCIS officer reviewed his criminal history and identified the original assault charge. However, under the categorical approach, the officer could only evaluate the statute of conviction — the local ordinance for “creating a disturbance” — which lacked any element of force, violence, or turpitude. Under the modified categorical approach, the record of conviction (plea agreement and colloquy) contained no facts that would expand the nature of the conviction to match a CIMT or crime of violence. Carlos’s naturalization application was approved.
Lesson: The downgrade worked because the attorney (1) chose an ordinance that was immigration-neutral by its elements, (2) kept the factual basis in the plea generic and minimal, and (3) ensured no immigration-damaging facts appeared in the record of conviction.
What happened: Fatima, a green card holder from Morocco, was charged with simple assault against her husband. Her attorney negotiated a downgrade to a local ordinance. However, the attorney did not understand the distinction between conviction-based and conduct-based immigration grounds. The charging document referenced “domestic” context. The police report (which the attorney did not seek to exclude) described the domestic incident in detail. The plea colloquy included the judge asking about “the incident with your husband” and Fatima confirming the factual basis.
Immigration outcome: ICE initiated removal proceedings under INA § 237(a)(2)(E) — the domestic violence deportation ground. Because this is a conduct-based ground, the immigration judge was not limited to the categorical approach. The judge reviewed the full record, including the charging document’s domestic references and the plea colloquy’s factual basis, and found sufficient evidence that Fatima had engaged in domestic violence. The downgrade to a local ordinance was irrelevant because the conduct — not the conviction — triggered deportability.
Lesson: For conduct-based grounds, the downgrade is only as good as the entire record. If the factual basis, charging document, or any incorporated materials reveal the disqualifying conduct, the plea to a lesser charge will not save the defendant.
What happened: Bernardo Castillo, a Peruvian national who became a lawful temporary resident in 1990, pled guilty to shoplifting in a New Jersey municipal court in 1994. Years later, he was placed in removal proceedings. He argued he was eligible for cancellation of removal, but the immigration judge held that his shoplifting conviction — a disorderly persons offense tried in municipal court, not considered a “crime” under the NJ Constitution — nonetheless counted as a conviction that broke his continuous residence.
Immigration outcome: The Third Circuit remanded the case to the BIA for clarification on what constitutes a criminal “conviction” for immigration purposes in the context of NJ municipal court proceedings. This case highlighted the tension between NJ’s classification system (where disorderly persons offenses are not technically “crimes”) and the federal INA’s broader definition of conviction.
Lesson: Even NJ’s own classification of an offense as “not a crime” does not control the immigration analysis. The federal definition under INA § 101(a)(48)(A) is independent of state labels.
What happened: Jorge, a lawful permanent resident from Guatemala with 15 years of continuous residence and three U.S.-citizen children, was charged with aggravated assault after an altercation at his workplace. His defense attorney negotiated a downgrade to simple assault as a disorderly persons offense with a sentence of 364 days (suspended) — critically keeping the sentence under one year to avoid aggravated felony classification. Jorge was referred to New Jersey Anger Management Group for a court-ordered 12-session anger management program.
Immigration outcome: ICE initiated removal proceedings. Jorge’s immigration attorney argued for cancellation of removal, demonstrating 10+ years of continuous physical presence, good moral character, and exceptional hardship to his U.S.-citizen children. The immigration judge reviewed Jorge’s record, which included his certificate of completion from NJAMG’s one-on-one anger management program, his counselor’s progress report documenting genuine behavioral change, and evidence of his community ties. The judge found that Jorge had demonstrated rehabilitation, and the anger management completion was cited as a significant positive factor in the discretionary analysis. Cancellation of removal was granted.
Lesson: Anger management completion doesn’t erase a conviction, but it provides powerful evidence of rehabilitation that can tip the scales in discretionary immigration relief. The strategic plea (sentence under 1 year, clean factual basis) combined with documented anger management completion created the best possible immigration posture.
Record Tailoring: How Immigration-Aware Defense Attorneys Protect the Record
Record tailoring is the practice of strategically crafting the documents that will comprise the “record of conviction” to minimize immigration harm. Because immigration officials are generally limited to considering only the record of conviction — not police reports, victim statements, or other extrinsic evidence — what goes into that record is everything.
Practical Strategies for NJ Defense Attorneys
1. Keep the Factual Basis Generic
If a plea form or prosecutor wants a factual basis, use generic language that tracks the statute’s elements — nothing more. For example, if a client is pleading to an assault that happened to be domestic in nature, the record should say something like: “On [date], defendant did intentionally threaten harm to the victim with an apparent ability to do so, causing fear.” It should NOT say: “On [date], defendant struck his wife in their shared residence.”
2. Choose Immigration-Neutral Ordinances
When negotiating a downgrade, select an ordinance whose elements do not match any federal removal ground. “Creating a disturbance,” “disorderly conduct” (without a moral turpitude element), and broad “public nuisance” ordinances are generally safer than ordinances involving theft, fraud, or violence.
3. Don’t Incorporate Damaging Documents
Ensure that police reports, victim impact statements, and other harmful documents are NOT incorporated into the plea by reference. If the plea agreement says “defendant acknowledges the factual basis set forth in the police report,” that report becomes part of the record of conviction. Instead, recite a minimal factual basis on the record that tracks the ordinance language.
4. Consider Alford Pleas
An Alford plea — where the defendant maintains innocence but acknowledges sufficient evidence for conviction — still constitutes a conviction for immigration purposes. However, it can make it easier for the court and prosecution to avoid insisting on creating a detailed factual basis that would expand the nature of the conviction.
5. Mind the Sentence
For many aggravated felony grounds, a sentence of one year or more is the threshold. Always negotiate sentences of 364 days or less when possible, even on suspended sentences. And be aware that consecutive sentences on multiple counts can aggregate.
NJ Municipal Court Plea Colloquy: Directive #09-11 and Immigration Warnings
New Jersey has implemented specific requirements to ensure defendants are warned about immigration consequences before entering guilty pleas. Under Directive #09-11 and its supplements, NJ Municipal Court judges must conduct a specific colloquy for any defendant pleading guilty to disorderly or petty disorderly persons offenses, DWI, or CDS-related motor vehicle offenses.
Before accepting a guilty plea, the judge must advise: “If you are not a citizen of the United States, pleading guilty to this offense could result in your removal or deportation from the United States, denial of naturalization, denial of re-entry, or exclusion from admission — now or in the future — even if you are lawfully present or have lived in the United States for many years.” The judge must also ask whether the defendant has discussed the immigration consequences with an attorney.
This colloquy requirement is significant for two reasons. First, it creates a record that the defendant was warned — which makes it harder to later claim ineffective assistance of counsel under Padilla v. Kentucky. Second, the specific questions asked (and answers given) during the colloquy become part of the record of conviction that immigration can review under the modified categorical approach. This is why defense attorneys must be strategic about what facts are discussed on the record during the colloquy.
Anger Management as Part of an Immigration-Aware Legal Strategy
Court-ordered anger management is a common condition of plea deals in NJ municipal courts, particularly for assault, harassment, domestic violence, and disorderly conduct charges. For noncitizens, completing a quality anger management program serves multiple strategic purposes in the immigration context.
Demonstrates rehabilitation: Immigration judges weighing discretionary relief (cancellation of removal, adjustment of status, waivers) consider evidence of rehabilitation heavily. A completed anger management program — especially one documented with progress reports and a certificate of completion — is powerful evidence.
Supports good moral character: For naturalization and other applications requiring a showing of good moral character, anger management completion shows the applicant has taken responsibility and made meaningful changes.
Satisfies court requirements: Completing anger management as ordered by the court keeps the defendant in compliance with the terms of their plea, avoiding violations that could create additional immigration problems.
Creates a favorable record: Counselor progress reports and completion letters become part of the broader narrative that immigration attorneys can present when arguing for discretionary relief.
At New Jersey Anger Management Group, we provide one-on-one, private anger management counseling — not group sessions — with flexible scheduling designed to accommodate working individuals across all 21 NJ counties. Our programs are court-approved, and we provide detailed completion documentation that satisfies both criminal court and immigration attorney requirements. We also offer bilingual sessions in English and Spanish, recognizing the diverse communities we serve throughout Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Passaic, Middlesex, Union, and all of New Jersey.
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Expungement & Post-Conviction Relief: What Actually Works for Immigration
Expungement of Municipal Ordinance Violations
Under N.J.S.A. 2C:52-4, a person found guilty of violating a municipal ordinance may petition for expungement after two years, provided they have no prior or subsequent indictable (felony) convictions and have not been adjudged a disorderly or petty disorderly person on more than two occasions.
For criminal charges that were downgraded to local ordinances, the 2022 decision in State v. R.O.-S. confirmed that the Clean Slate expungement law allows individuals to expunge records of criminal charges that were reduced to local ordinance violations.
Here’s what many people don’t realize: expungement under a state rehabilitative statute generally does not eliminate a conviction for immigration purposes. After the passage of INA § 101(a)(48), the BIA held in Matter of Roldan (1999) that judicial expungements based on rehabilitative or ameliorative statutes would no longer be recognized as effective for eliminating convictions for immigration purposes. This means your conviction can be expunged under NJ law — invisible to employers and landlords — but still count against you for immigration.
Post-Conviction Relief That DOES Work for Immigration
A conviction that is vacated due to a substantive or procedural defect in the underlying criminal proceedings — as opposed to being vacated for rehabilitative reasons or solely to avoid immigration consequences — is no longer considered a conviction for immigration purposes. The most common basis is ineffective assistance of counsel under Padilla v. Kentucky: if a defense attorney failed to advise a noncitizen defendant about the immigration consequences of a guilty plea, the conviction may be vacated as constitutionally defective.
Under Padilla, if deportation is virtually certain upon conviction, the attorney must say so clearly. Merely advising that there is a “risk” or “possibility” of deportation — when deportation is actually mandatory — constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. In New Jersey, the contours of post-conviction relief are further defined by State v. Nunez-Valdez (2009) regarding affirmative misinformation and State v. Gaitan (2012).
Frequently Asked Questions
Not necessarily. While downgrading a criminal charge to a local municipal ordinance can help with conviction-based immigration grounds, the factual basis recorded in your plea agreement, plea colloquy, and charging documents may still be reviewed by immigration officials under the modified categorical approach. If those documents reveal facts that match a federal removal ground, the downgrade alone will not protect you. This is especially true for conduct-based grounds like domestic violence, where immigration can look beyond the statute of conviction.
The categorical approach is the legal framework immigration courts use to determine if a state criminal conviction triggers federal immigration consequences. The court compares the elements of the state statute you were convicted under to the generic federal definition of the removal ground — not what you actually did. If the statute is “divisible,” the court may apply the “modified categorical approach” and review certain documents from your record of conviction, including the plea agreement and plea colloquy.
Under the modified categorical approach, immigration courts may review a limited set of “Shepard documents”: the statutory definition, the charging document, the written plea agreement, the plea colloquy transcript, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant assented. Immigration courts generally cannot consider police reports, victim statements, or other documents outside this limited record — unless they were specifically incorporated into the plea.
Yes, it can be. Under INA § 101(a)(48)(A), a conviction exists when there’s been a guilty plea or finding of guilt AND the judge has ordered some form of punishment — including fines, community service, or probation. USCIS has specifically found that NJ municipal court proceedings for disorderly persons offenses downgraded to local ordinances still qualify as convictions when the defendant went through criminal procedures before pleading.
Conviction-based grounds analyze only the statute of conviction versus the federal removal ground. Conduct-based grounds (like domestic violence under INA § 237(a)(2)(E)) allow immigration to look beyond the conviction to your actual conduct. A plea downgrade is far more effective for conviction-based grounds than conduct-based grounds.
Yes. Anger management completion demonstrates rehabilitation and good moral character, which are positive factors in discretionary immigration relief such as cancellation of removal, adjustment of status, or naturalization. At NJAMG, we provide documentation that satisfies both court requirements and immigration attorney needs.
Generally no. Under INA § 101(a)(48), the BIA held that expungements under rehabilitative statutes do not eliminate convictions for immigration purposes. However, a conviction vacated due to a substantive defect — like ineffective assistance of counsel under Padilla v. Kentucky — may be effective. The reason for the vacatur is critical.
Yes. When a criminal charge is downgraded to a local ordinance, both the original arrest and the ordinance appear on your criminal history — including NJ Municipal Court Case Search, FBI checks, and state police records. This is why record tailoring during the plea and pursuing expungement when eligible are both important.
Yes. Padilla applies to all criminal proceedings, including NJ municipal courts. Defense attorneys must advise noncitizen defendants about immigration consequences before a guilty plea. NJ has implemented specific colloquy requirements in Directive #09-11 to ensure this happens.
An Alford plea is a guilty plea entered without admitting guilt — the defendant acknowledges sufficient evidence exists for conviction. It still counts as a conviction for immigration, but it can help by avoiding a detailed factual basis in the record that might expand the conviction’s immigration impact under the modified categorical approach.
🇪🇸 Sección en Español: Lo Que Necesita Saber Sobre Su Acuerdo de Culpabilidad e Inmigración
Si usted no es ciudadano de los Estados Unidos y enfrenta cargos criminales en un tribunal municipal de Nueva Jersey, es absolutamente crítico que entienda cómo su acuerdo de culpabilidad puede afectar su estatus migratorio — incluso si los cargos se reducen a una ordenanza local.
La ley federal de inmigración define “convicción” de manera mucho más amplia que la ley estatal de Nueva Jersey. Esto significa que incluso una violación de ordenanza municipal — con una simple multa — puede contar como una convicción para propósitos de inmigración si usted se declaró culpable y el juez impuso alguna forma de penalidad.
Lo más importante: la base fáctica de su acuerdo de culpabilidad — las palabras exactas en el acuerdo escrito, lo que se dijo durante la audiencia, y los hechos en el documento de acusación — es lo que inmigración revisará para determinar si su convicción activa consecuencias migratorias. Un abogado defensor que entienda tanto el derecho penal como el derecho migratorio puede proteger su expediente durante las negociaciones del acuerdo.
En New Jersey Anger Management Group, ofrecemos sesiones privadas, individuales de manejo de la ira en español e inglés. Nuestro programa está aprobado por los tribunales y proporcionamos documentación que satisface tanto los requisitos del tribunal penal como las necesidades de su abogado de inmigración.
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Your Plea Deal Shapes Your Immigration Future
Whether you need court-approved anger management, guidance on navigating the criminal-immigration intersection, or a referral to an experienced crimmigration attorney — we’re here to help.
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This article is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. The intersection of criminal and immigration law is highly complex and fact-specific. Every case is different. If you are a noncitizen facing criminal charges in New Jersey, you should consult with an experienced criminal defense attorney who understands immigration consequences AND an immigration attorney before entering any plea. New Jersey Anger Management Group provides court-approved anger management counseling services; we do not provide legal representation. Chris Fritz Law provides legal information and referral content. For legal representation, contact a licensed attorney.
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